Classical Proses

Francis Bacon

Of Studies

STUDIES serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can exe-cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning, by study; and studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them bothers; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books, else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things.

读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。

Reading make a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a psent wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know, that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the Schoolmen; for they are cymini sectors. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases. So every defect of the mind, may have a special receipt.

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。

Chief Seattle

1854 Oration

The President in Washington sends word that he wishes to buy our land. But how can you buy or sell the sky, the land? The idea is strange to us. If we do not own the presence of the air and the sparkle of the water, how can you buy them? Every part of his earth is sacred to my people. Every shining pine needle. Every sandy shore. Every mist in the dark woods. Every meadow. Every humming insect. All are holy in the memory and experience of my people.

总统自华盛顿传话来，说他想要买我们的土地。但您怎么能够买卖苍穹与土地的温馨！假如我们并不拥有空气的清新与流水的光彩，您怎能买下他们呢？对我们人民而言，大地的每一部分都是圣洁的。每一枝闪亮的松针，每一处沙州，每一片密林中的雾霭，每一只嗡嗡作响的昆虫，在我人民的记忆与经验中都是神圣的。

We know the sap that courses through the trees as we know the blood that courses through our veins. We are a part of the earth and it is part of us. Perfumed flowers are sisters. The bear, the deer, the great eagle, these are our brothers. The rocky crests, the juices in the meadow, the body heat of the pony, and man, all belong to the same family. The shining water that moves in the streams and rivers is not just water but the blood of our ancestors.

树中流动着的汁液，载负着红人们的记忆。我们属于大地，而大地也是我们的一部分。芬芳的花儿是我们的姐妹。熊儿、鹿儿和老鹰都是我们的兄弟。怪石嶙峋的山峰、草原上的露水、小马温暖的身体以及我们人类。都是一家人。小溪河川里波光粼粼的流水，对我们而言，不只是水，而是先祖们的血液。

If we sell you our land you must remember that it is sacred. Each ghostly reflection in the clear water of the lakes tells of events an memories in the life of my people. The waters’ murmur is the voice of my father’s father. The rivers are our brothers. They quench our thirst. They carry our canoes and feed our children. So you must give to the rivers the kindness you would give any brother.

倘若我们把土地卖给你们，你们必须记住，这是神圣的土地。每一片清彻湖水的朦脓倒影里，都埋藏着我们生活中的点点滴滴。河水喃喃的低徊，是我祖先的声音。河水就如同我们的兄弟，满足了我们的干渴。河水载运了我们的独木舟，并养育了我们的子孙。所以你们一定得像善待弟兄那样对待这些河流。

If we sell you our land, remember that the air precious to us. That the air shares its spirit with all the life that it supports. The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath also receives his last sigh. The wind also gives our children the spirit of life. So if we sell you our land, you must keep it apart and sacred as a place where man can go to taste the wind that is sweetened by the meadow flowers.

倘若我们把土地卖给你们，你们必须记得，大气对我们而言是珍贵的，它与它所养育的万物共享着这份灵气。风，送来了我们祖先的第一口气，也带走了他们最后一声的叹息。风也赋于我们下一代以生命的精神。因此，假如我们将土地卖给了你，你们必须维持它的独特于庄严，使它成为一块使人们品尝被花草所熏香的风的地方。

Will you teach your children what we have taught our children , that the earth is our mother? What befalls the earth befalls all the sons of the earth. This we know. The earth does not belong to man. Man belongs to the earth. All things are connected like the blood that unites us all. Man did not weave the web of life, he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to the web he does to himself.

你们要让你们的孩子知道，大地是我们的母亲，我们向来如此教育着我们的子孙。任何发生在大地上的，必将同样地降临在它的子民身上，假如人们唾弃了大地，其实他们就是唾弃了自己。我们知道，大地不属于人类，而人类属于大地。每一件事物都是有关联的，就好像血缘紧紧结合着一家人。所有的一切都是相互有着关联的，现在发生在大地的事，必将应验到人类来。人类并不主宰着生命，他只不过是其中的一小部分而已。他对大地做了什么，都会回应到自己身上。

One thing we know, our God is also your God. The earth is precious to him. And to harm the earth is to heap contempt on its creator. Your destiny is a mystery to us. What will happen when the buffalo are all slaughtered? The wild horses tamed? What will happen when the secret of many men and the view of the ripe hills is blotted by talking wires? Where will the thicket be? Gone. Where will the eagle be? Gone. And what is it to say goodbye to the swift pony and the hunt, the end of living and the beginning of survival?

我们知道一件事：终有一天我们会看到，我们的上帝也是你们的上帝。大地对他是珍贵的，对大地的伤害，是对造物主的轻蔑。这样的命运对我们来说真是难解。尤其当野牛被屠杀了、野马被驯服。当森林中最隐秘的角落也充满了人味，原始的山林景观被电话所破坏时，我们真是不安明白啊！丛林哪儿去了？消失了！雄鹰哪儿去了？不见了。和神速的小马驹，和诸多猎物告别意味着什么？——是生命的结束，还是存活口的开始呢？

When the last red man has vanished with his wildness and his memory is only the shadow of a cloud moving across the prairie, will these shores and forests still be here? Will there be any of the spirit of my people left? We love this earth as a newborn loves its mother’s heartbeat. So if we sell you our land, love it as we have loved it, care for it as we have cared for it . hold in your mind the memory of the land as it is when you receive it. Preserve the land for all children, and love it as God loves us all. As we are part of the land, you too are part of the land. This earth is precious to us, it is also precious to you. One thing we know, there is only one God. No man, be he red man or white, can be apart.

当最后一位红人连同他的荒野消失的时候，有关他们的记忆如同飘过草原的一片云影。这些海岸、这些幽林还会存在吗？我们民族的精神还在吗？我们热爱这片大地就像新生儿热爱母亲的心跳。所以，要我们出卖我们的土地，你们也得像我们这样热爱它，像我们这样关心它。你们在接受土地的同时也要接受这片土地的记忆，要为所有的子孙保管好这片土地，要像上帝爱我们一样爱惜这片土地。我们只是土地的一部分，你们也是这片土地的一部分。这片土地对我们说来无比珍贵，对你们说也是一样。我们只知道一件事：只有一位上帝。印第人也好，白种人也好，人类不能分开。

We are brothers , after all.
我们毕竟都是弟兄。

给美国政府的答复

西雅图（1786-1866），是美国临太平洋的西北地区六个印第安人部落的酋长，本文是西雅图酋长对美国政府（时任总统富兰克林·皮尔斯）要求原著民出让土地、迁徙到“保留地”去的答复。该文是亨利·阿·史密斯博士所作，他是1854年西雅图酋长发表演说时的翻译。文章优美如诗，情深意切，体现了作者内心的无奈和感伤。

数不尽的世代以来，渺渺苍天曾为我族洒下多少同情之泪；这个在我们看来像是永恒不变的苍天，还是会变的。今天天色晴朗，明天又阴云密布。但我说的话却似天空的星辰，永不坠落。

……

白昼与黑夜不能相遇。红种人（黄种人）对白种人从来就是敬而远之的，就像朝雾在旭日升起前就要消散一样。然而，你们的建议看来是公道的，我想我的人民会接受建议，退居到你们给他们的保留地。这样我们就能分处两地、和平共存，因为白人大酋长（时任美国总统富兰克林·皮尔斯）对我的人民所说的话，有如大自然从沉沉黑暗中发出的声音。

我们在什么地方度过余年已无关紧要。我们的来日不多了。这原本比你们更强大、更有希望的民族，曾经人丁兴旺，受大神的庇护，在这广阔的土地上幸福的安居乐业。再过几个月，再过几个冬，这个民族再也不会有一个后裔留下在其墓前哀悼了。但我又何必为我民族的夭折哀叹呢？一个部落没落，另一个部落就会兴起，一个民族衰亡，另一个民族便会崛起，像大海的浪涛一样。这是自然的法则，悲叹又有何用。你们衰落的时间可能还很遥远，却必定到来。……

我们会考虑你们的建议的，等我们作出决定，就会通知你们。但是如果我们接受这项建议，现在，在这里我就要提出一个保留条件：我们要求有权随时不受干扰的祭扫我们祖先、朋友和子孙的坟墓。

这里每一寸土地对于我的人民都是神圣的。永逝岁月中的悲伤与欢乐，使得每一片山坡、每一个河谷、每一块平原、每一丛小树都如此神圣。……较之于你们，地上的尘土在我们脚下更柔软可亲，因为这上面浸满我们祖先的血液，我们赤裸的双足触及时是如此深情。……即便只是在这里短暂居住、嬉戏过的孩子也会热爱这暗淡的荒野，他们会在暮色来临之际，迎接那些幽暗朦胧的魂灵归来。

当最后一个红种人死去，白人对这个部落的记忆已经成为神话之时，我部落的那些看不见的亡灵，仍将密密的聚集在这片土地上。当你们的子孙以为他们是独自在田野、仓库、商店、公路或寂静的无路可通的森林中时，也不会是四下无人。……夜深人静，你站在已成为你们的城市或村镇的街道上时，不要以为这里空无一人，这里将满是归来的故主，他们过去曾生活在这里，他们仍热爱着这美丽的土地。这土地永远不会只属白人。

愿他能公正、善良的对待我的人民，因为逝者并没有失去力量。我说的是逝者吗？不，逝者并没有消亡，只不过到另一个世界了。

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

独立宣言

In Congress, July 4, 1776, 大陆会议（一七七六年七月四日）

THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 美利坚合众国十三个州一致通过的宣言

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

在有关人类事务的发展过程中，当一个民族必须解除其和另一个与之有关的民族之间的政治联系，并在世界各国之间，接受自然法则和自然界的造物主的旨意赋予的独立和平等的地位时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把他们不得不独立的原因予以宣布。

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.

我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.

为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。

That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience has shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.

当任何形式的政府对这些目标具破坏作用时，人民便有权力改变或废除它，以建立一个新的政府；其赖以奠基的原则，其组织权力的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最可能获得他们的安全和幸福。为了慎重起见，成立多年的政府，是不应当由于轻微和短暂的原因而予以变更的。过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时，那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障－－

Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.

这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况，也是它们不得不改变政府制度的原因。大不列颠国在位国王的历史，是接连不断的伤天害理和强取豪夺的历史，这些暴行的唯一目标，就是想在这些州建立专制的暴政。为了证明所言属实，现把下列事实向公正的世界宣布－－

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

他禁止他的总督们批准迫切而极为必要的法律，要不就把这些法律搁置起来暂不生效，等待他的同意；而一旦这些法律被搁置起来，他对它们就完全置之不理。

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.

他拒绝批准便利广大地区人民的其它法律，除非那些人民情愿放弃自己在立法机关中的代表权；但这种权利对他们有无法估量的价值，而且只有暴君才畏惧这种权利。

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

他把各州立法团体召集到异乎寻常的、极为不便的、远离它们档案库的地方去开会，唯一的目的是使他们疲于奔命，不得不顺从他的意旨。

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

他一再解散各州的议会，因为它们以无畏的坚毅态度反对他侵犯人民的权利。

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.

他在解散各州议会之后，又长期拒绝另选新议会；但立法权是无法取消的，因此这项权力仍由一般人民来行使。其实各州仍然处于危险的境地，既有外来侵略之患，又有发生内乱之忧。

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands .

他竭力抑制我们各州增加人口；为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其它鼓励外国人移居各州的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.

他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律，藉以阻挠司法工作的推行。

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

他把法官的任期、薪金数额和支付，完全置于他个人意志的支配之下。

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.

他建立新官署，派遣大批官员，骚扰我们人民，并耗尽人民必要的生活物质。

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.

他在和平时期，未经我们的立法机关同意，就在我们中间维持常备军。

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.

他力图使军队独立于民政之外，并凌驾于民政之上。

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:

他同某些人勾结起来把我们置于一种不适合我们的体制且不为我们的法律所承认的管辖之下；他还批准那些人炮制的各种伪法案来达到以下目的：

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:

在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队；

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:

用假审讯来包庇他们，使他们杀害我们各州居民而仍然逍遥法外；

For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:

切断我们同世界各地的贸易；

For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:

未经我们同意便向我们强行征税；

For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:

在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益；

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:

罗织罪名押送我们到海外去受审；

For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:

在一个邻省废除英国的自由法制，在那里建立专制政府，并扩大该省的疆界，企图把该省变成既是一个样板又是一个得心应手的工具，以便进而向这里的各殖民地推行同样的极权统治；

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments:

取消我们的宪章，废除我们最宝贵的法律，并且根本上改变我们各州政府的形式；

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

中止我们自己的立法机关行使权力，宣称他们自己有权就一切事宜为我们制定法律。

He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.

他宣布我们已不属他保护之列，并对我们作战，从而放弃了在这里的政务。

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people.

他在我们的海域大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们沿海地区，焚烧我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation.

他此时正在运送大批外国佣兵来完成屠杀、破坏和肆虐的老勾当，这种勾当早就开始，其残酷卑劣甚至在最野蛮的时代都难以找到先例。他完全不配作为一个文明国家的元首。

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.

他在公海上俘虏我们的同胞，强迫他们拿起武器来反对自己的国家，成为残杀自己亲人和朋友的刽子手，或是死于自己的亲人和朋友的手下。

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

他在我们中间煽动内乱，并且竭力挑唆那些残酷无情、没有开化的印第安人来杀掠我们边疆的居民；而众所周知，印第安人的作战律令是不分男女老幼，一律格杀勿论的。

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

在这些压迫的每一阶段中，我们都是用最谦卑的言辞请愿改善；但屡次请求所得到的答复是屡次遭受损害。一个君主，当他的品格已打上了暴君行为的烙印时，是不配作自由人民的统治者的。

Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

我们不是没有注意我们英国的弟兄。我们时常提醒他们，他们的立法机关企图把无理的管辖权横加到我们的头上。我们也曾把我们移民出这里和在这里定居的情形告诉他们。我们曾经向他们天生的正义感和雅量呼吁，我们恳求他们念在同种同宗的份上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，以免影响彼此的关系和往来。但是他们却对于这种正义和血缘的呼声一直充耳不闻。因此，我们实在不得不宣布和他们脱离，并且以对待世界上其它民族一样的态度对待他们：战即为敌；和则为友。

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

因此，我们，在大陆会议上集会的美利坚合众国代表，以各殖民地善良人民的名义并经他们授权，向全世界最崇高的正义呼吁，说明我们的严正意向，同时郑重宣布；这些联合的殖民地是而且有权成为自由和独立的国家，它们取消一切对英国王室效忠的义务，它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝；作为自由独立的国家，它们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和独立国家有权去做的一切行动。为了支持这篇宣言，我们坚决信赖上帝的庇佑，以我们的生命、我们的财产和我们神圣的名誉，彼此宣誓。

JOHN HANCOCK, President

约翰·汉考克，主席

Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary

鉴定无误，查尔斯·汤姆森，秘书

New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON

新罕布什尔州：乔赛亚·巴特利特、威廉·惠普尔、马修·桑顿

Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY

马萨诸塞州：塞缪尔·亚当斯、约翰·亚当斯、罗伯特·特里特·佩因、埃尔布里奇·格里

Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY

罗得岛州：斯蒂芬·霍普金斯、威廉·埃勒里

Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT

康涅狄格州：罗杰·谢尔曼、塞缪尔·亨廷顿、威廉·威廉姆斯、奥利弗·沃尔科特

Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO. WALTON

佐治亚州：巴顿·格威内特、莱曼·霍尔、乔治·沃尔顿

Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON

马里兰州：塞缪尔·蔡斯、威廉·帕卡、托马斯·斯通、卡罗顿的查尔斯·卡罗尔

Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON.

弗吉尼亚州：乔治·威思、理查德·亨利·李、托马斯·杰斐逊、本杰明·哈里森、小托马斯·尼尔森、弗朗西斯·莱特富特·李、卡特·布拉克斯顿

New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS

纽约州：威廉·弗洛伊德、菲利普·利文斯顿、弗朗西斯·刘易斯、刘易斯·莫里斯

Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS

宾夕法尼亚州：罗伯特·莫里斯、本杰明·拉什、本杰明·富兰克林、约翰·莫顿、乔治·克莱默、詹姆斯·史密斯、乔治·泰勒、詹姆斯·威尔逊、乔治·罗斯

Delaware: GEORGE READ, THOMAS MCKEAN, CAESAR RODNEY

特拉华州：乔治·里德、托马斯·麦肯、凯撒·罗德尼

North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN

北卡罗来纳州：威廉·霍珀、约瑟夫·休斯、约翰·潘

South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETON

南卡罗来纳州：爱德华·拉特利奇、小托马斯·海沃德、小托马斯·林奇、亚瑟·米德尔顿

New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINSON, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK

新泽西州：理查德·斯托克顿、约翰·威瑟斯庞、弗朗西斯·霍普金森、约翰·哈特、亚伯拉罕·克拉克

亚伯拉罕·林肯

Gettysburg Address

葛底斯堡演说

Delivered on the 19th Day of November, 1863 Cemetery Hill, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania  1863年11月19日，美国，宾夕法尼亚，葛底斯堡

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth ,on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

八十七年前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上建立了一个全新的国家，它受孕于自由的理念，并献身于人人生而平等的理想。

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

如今我们正在从事一场伟大的内战，以考验我们或任何一个受孕于自由并献身于上述理想的国家是否能够长久生存下去。现在，我们聚集在战争中的一个重要的战场上，我们来到这里，是要把这个战场土地的一部分奉献给那些为使这个国家能够生存下去而献出了自己宝贵生命的烈士们作为最后安息之所。我们这样做是完全应该而且是非常恰当的。

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

但是，从更广泛的意义上来说，不是我们奉献、圣化或神化了这块土地，而是那些活着的或者已经死去的、曾经在这里战斗过的英雄们使得这块土地成为神圣之土，其神圣远非我们的渺小之力可增减。世人不会注意，也不会记住我们在这里说过什么，但是他们永远无法忘记那些英雄们的行为。这更要求我们这些活着的人去继续那些英雄们所为之战斗的未尽事业。我们应该在这里把自己奉献于仍然留在我们面前的伟大任务——要从这些光荣的死者身上汲取更多的献身精神，来完成他们已经完全彻底为之献身的事业；我们要在这里下定最大的决心，不让这些死者白白牺牲——要使这个国家在上帝保佑下得到新生——要使这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。

马丁·路德·金：

I have a dream

我有一个梦想

I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.

Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of bad captivity.

一百年前，一位伟大的美国人签署了《解放黑奴宣言》，今天我们就是在他的雕像前集会。这一庄严宣言犹如灯塔的光芒，给千百万在那摧残生命的不义之火中受煎熬的黑奴带来了希望。它之到来犹如欢乐的黎明，结束了束缚黑人的漫长之夜。

But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we’ve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.

然而一百年后的今天，我们必须正视黑人还没有得到自由这一悲惨的事实。一百年后的今天，在种族隔离的镣铐和种族歧视的枷锁下，黑人的生活备受压榨；一百年后的今天，黑人仍生活在物质充裕的海洋中一个穷困的孤岛上；一百年后的今天，黑人仍然萎缩在美国社会的角落里，并且，意识到自己是故土家园中的流亡者。今天我们在这里集会，就是要把这种骇人听闻的情况公之于众。

In a sense we’ve come to our nation’s capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the “unalienable Rights” of “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked “insufficient funds.”

就某种意义而言，今天我们是为了要求兑现诺言而汇集到我们国家的首都来的。我们共和国的缔造者草拟宪法和独立宣言时，曾以气壮山河的词句向每一个美国人许下了诺言，他们承诺给予所有的人以不可剥夺的生存、自由和追求幸福的权利。

But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we’ve come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice.

就有色公民而论，美国显然没有实践她的诺言。美国没有履行这项神圣的义务，只是给黑人开了一张空头支票，支票上盖上“资金不足”的戳子后便退了回来。但是我们不相信正义的银行已经破产，我们不相信，在这个国家巨大的机会之库里已没有足够的储备。因此今天我们要求将支票兑现，这张支票——将给予我们宝贵的自由和正义的保障。

We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God’s children.

我们来到这个圣地也是为了提醒美国，现在是非常急迫的时刻。现在决非侈谈冷静下来或服用渐进主义的镇静剂的时候。现在是实现民主的诺言的时候。现在是从种族隔离的荒凉阴暗的深谷攀登种族平等的光明大道的时候，现在是向上帝所有的儿女开放机会之门的时候。

It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. And those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. And there will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.

如果美国忽视时间的迫切性和低估黑人的决心，那么，这对美国来说，将是致命伤。自由和平等的爽朗秋天如不到来，黑人义愤填膺的酷暑就不会过去。1963年并不意味着斗争的结束，而是开始。有人希望，黑人只要撒撒气就会满足；如果国家安之若素，毫无反应，这些人必会大失所望的。黑人得不到公民的权利，美国就不可能有安宁或平静；正义的光明的一天不到来，叛乱的旋风就将继续动摇这个国家的基础。

But there is something that I must say to my people, who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.

但是对于等候在正义之宫门口的心急如焚的人们，有些话我是必须说的。在争取合法地位的过程中，我们不要采取错误的做法。我们不要为了满足对自由的渴望而抱着敌对和仇恨之杯痛饮。我们斗争时必须永远举止得体，纪律严明。我们不能容许我们的具有崭新内容的抗议蜕变为暴力行动。我们要不断地升华到以精神力量对付物质力量的崇高境界中去。

The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. And they have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom.

现在黑人社会充满着了不起的新的战斗精神，但是我们却不能因此而不信任所有的白人。因为我们的许多白人兄弟已经认识到，他们的命运与我们的命运是紧密相连的，他们今天参加游行集会就是明证；他们的自由与我们的自由是息息相关的。

We cannot walk alone.

我们不能单独行动。

And as we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead.

当我们行动时，我们必须保证向前进。

We cannot turn back.

我们不能倒退。

There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, “When will you be satisfied?”

现在有人问热心民权运动的人，“你们什么时候才能满足？”

We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality.

只要黑人仍然遭受警察难以形容的野蛮迫害，我们就绝不会满足。

We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities.

只要我们在外奔波而疲乏的身躯不能在公路旁的汽车旅馆和城里的旅馆找到住宿之所，我们就绝不会满足。

We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating “for whites only.”

只要黑人的基本活动范围只是从少数民族聚居的小贫民区转移到大贫民区，我们就绝不会满足。

We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote.

只要密西西比仍然有一个黑人不能参加选举，只要纽约有一个黑人认为他投票无济于事，我们就绝不会满足。

No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until “justice rolls down like waters, and righteousness like a mighty stream.”

不！我们现在并不满足，我们将来也不满足，除非正义和公正犹如江海之波涛，汹涌澎湃，滚滚而来。

I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. And some of you have come from areas where your quest — quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.

我并非没有注意到，参加今天集会的人中，有些受尽苦难和折磨；有些刚刚走出窄小的牢房，有些由于寻求自由，曾在居住地惨遭疯狂迫害的打击，并在警察暴行的旋风中摇摇欲坠。你们是人为痛苦的长期受难者。坚持下去吧，要坚决相信，忍受不应得的痛苦是一种赎罪。让我们回到密西西比去，回到阿拉巴马去，回到南卡罗来纳去，回到佐治亚去，回到路易斯安那去，回到我们北方城市中的贫民区和少数民族居住区去，要心中有数，这种状况是能够也必将改变的。我们不要陷入绝望而不可自拔。

Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends. And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

朋友们，今天我对你们说，在现在和未来，我们虽然遭受种种困难和挫折，我仍然有一个梦想。这个梦想是深深扎根于美国的梦想中的。

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.”

我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的——人人生而平等。”

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。

I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

我梦想有一天，甚至连密西西比州这个正义匿迹，压迫成风的地方，也将变成自由和正义的绿洲。

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将在一个不是以他们的肤色，而是以他们的品格优劣来评价他们的国度里生活。

I have a dream today!

今日，我有一个梦想！

I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of “interposition” and “nullification” — one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.

我梦想有一天，亚拉巴马州能够有所转变，尽管该州州长现在仍然满口异议，反对联邦法令，但有朝一日，那里的黑人男孩和女孩将能与白人男孩和女孩情同骨肉，携手并进。

I have a dream today!

今日，我有一个梦想！

I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; “and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.”

我梦想有一天，幽谷上升，高山下降，坎坷曲折之路成坦途，圣光披露，满照人间。

This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with.

这就是我们的希望，我怀着这种信念回到南方。

With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.

有了这个信念，我们将能从绝望之嶙劈出一块希望之石。有了这个信念，我们将能把这个国家刺耳争吵的声，改变成为一支洋溢手足之情的优美交响曲。

With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.

有了这个信念，我们将能一起工作，一起祈祷，一起斗争，一起坐牢，一起维护自由；因为我们知道，终有一天，我们是会自由的。

And this will be the day — this will be the day when all of God’s children will be able to sing with new meaning: My country ’tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim’s pride,From every mountainside, let freedom ring!

在自由到来的那一天，上帝的所有儿女们将以新的含义高唱这支歌：“我的祖国，美丽的自由之乡，我为您歌唱。您是父辈逝去的地方，您是最初移民的骄傲，让自由之声响彻每个山冈。”

And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.

如果美国要成为一个伟大的国家，这个梦想必须实现。

And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.

让自由之声从新罕布什尔州的巍峨峰巅响起来！

Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.

让自由之声从纽约州的崇山峻岭响起来！

Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.

让自由之声从宾夕法尼亚州阿勒格尼山的顶峰响起来！

Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.

Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California.

But not only that:

Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.

Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.

Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi.

From every mountainside, let freedom ring.

And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual:

Free at last! Free at last!

Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!